Simple
Past
Sentence I
ate chocolate yesterday.
Structure Subject
and verb (past tense)
Rule:
A completed
action at a specified time in the past.
Past
Continuous
Sentence I
was eating chocolate when they arrived.
Structure Subject/past
form of verb to be/verb-ing
Rule: Action
in progress in the past either a) when a shorter action took place,
or
b) at a very precise moment.
Past
Perfect
Sentence I
had eaten chocolate before I left for work.
Structure Subject/had/past
participle
Rule:
Action that was
completed in the past either a) before another action took
place,
or
b) before a very precise moment.
Past
Perfect Continuous
Sentence I
had been eating chocolate for a while when they arrived.
Structure Subject/had/been/verb-ing
Rule: Action
that had started, continued for some time, and was still in progress
in the past
either
a) before another action, or b) before a very precise moment.
Exercises
Choose the correct verbs so that each
tense appears once.
Simple past, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous
Simple past, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous
1.
We went to the cinema last week.
2.
A bird pooed on the
window that I had cleaned only a minute before.
3.
Yesterday at nine
he was sitting in front of his computer……when his wife
arrived.
4.
When their mum got home,
the boys had been watching TV for two hours.
Complete the sentences for situations in the
past. Decide which tense you need to use.
1.
A plumber came to our house yesterday.
2.
He wanted to repair our washing machine that had broken a few days before.
3.
Before he rang at my door, he had been looking for
a parking space for about ten minutes.
4.
While the plumber was repairing the washing machine, I was watching the
news.
5.
Suddenly, I realised that they were showing our
street on TV.
6.
The reporter said that a car had crashed into a stop sign
just before reaching the crossroads.
7.
While I was listening carefully to what had happened,
someone knocked at my door.
8.
I opened the door and saw a police officer
standing there.
9.
He asked for the plumber.
10.
As it turned out, it was our plumber’s car
that had rolled down the street.
11. In his haste, the plumber had forgotten to put the handbrake on.
Book – groups
p. 110 (Ex. 6) – Past Perfect Tense
1. The captain of the
Titanic had made a serious mistake when he didn’t listen to the warnings.
2. When the Titanic
disaster occurred, how much experience had the captain had?
3. I didn’t realize that
airplanes had been invented by (passive) by the time of the Titanic.
4. In 1912, Word War I
had not yet begun.
5. The story about the
Titanic was new to me because I had never read an article about it before.
6. Had you already heard
this story before we read about it in class?
7. How many lifeboats
had the Titanic originally had?
8. Why had they been
removed (passive)?
p. 113 (Ex. 9) – Use either simple past or past perfect
1. When an American
astronaut stepped on the moon in 1969, no person had ever walked on the moon
before.
2. By 2003, NASA had
completed hundreds of successful space flights.
3. When the Columbia
mission took off in 2003, NASA had had only two serious accidents in its space
program.
4. By the time the 16
days were up, the Columbia crew had done all its scientific experiments.
5. Until 9 a.m. on
February 1, 2003, NASA had had good communication with the Columbia.
6. At first, NASA couldn’t
understand what had happened.
7. When they lost
communication with the Columbia, they were afraid that all of the astronauts
had died.
8. The original date for
the Columbia mission was July 2002. The
date was postponed until 2003 because cracks in the fuel line were found.
9. NASA knew that the
Columbia had lost a piece of its wing on liftoff, but they didn’t think it
would be a problem.
10. They didn’t realize
that this problem had created a hole in the wing.
11. By the time the
investigation ended in April 2003, NASA had collected 40 percent of the pieces
of the Columbia.
12. By the time the U.S.
sent a mission to Mars, the reasons for the Columbia’s accident had been discovered.
p. 118 (Ex. 12)
1. The fire had been
burning for two days by the time firefighters put it out.
2. We had been living in
the same house for 30 years when the fires started.
3. A hunter had been
trying to send a signal.
4. The families of the
astronauts had been waiting for several hours when they heard the news.
5. The Titanic had been
travelling for five days when it sank.
p. 119 (Ex. 13)
1. I had been waiting
for two years when I got a chance to leave my country.
2. I had been living in
the same house all my life when I left my city.
3. I felt very sad when
I left my job because I had worked with the same people for ten years.
4. I had been studying
to be a nurse for six months when a war broke out in my country.
5. When I left my
country, a war had been going on for three years.
6. My family had been
waiting in Germany for three months before we got permission to come to the
U.S.
7. By the time I got to
the U.S., I had been travelling for four days.
Check
Past Perfect Continuous
v. Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Perfect Continuous – used
when we look back from a past time to a prior continuous action.
Sentence I
had been eating chocolate for a while when they arrived.
Structure Subject/had/been/verb-ing
Rule: Action
that had started, continued for some time, and was still in progress in the
past
either
a) before another action, or b) before a very precise moment.
Present
Perfect Continuous – used
when we look back from the present time to a continuous action.
Sentence I
have been eating chocolate (for a long time today).
Structure Subject/have
or has/been/verb-ing
Rule: An
action that has already started and is still going on.
p. 122
A: I’m
really interested in space exploration.
B:
How long have you been interested in it?
A:
Ever since I was a child. By the
time I was 10 years old, I had been to the space museum in Washington, D.C.
about five times.
B:
Who took you?
A: My
parents took me most of the time. But
one time my fifth grade class had been studying all semester about space, and
our teacher took the class. Since that time I have always dreamt about becoming
an astronaut. I saw a film about the
first moon landing in 1969. It was so
exciting to think that no man had ever walked on the moon before.
B: Do
you think it’s possible for you to become an astronaut?
A:
Sure. Why not? I have already gotten my bachelor’s degree in
engineering. Lately I have been reading
a lot about the training that astronauts go through. I have already written to NASA asking them to
send me more information on how to get into the space program. And next semester I’m going to enter a master’s
program in physics.
B: Don’t you have to be a pilot first?
A: Yes.
I have already taken 500 hours of flying lessons.
B:
Aren’t you worried about the risks of going into space? NASA has had several disasters so far.
A: Of
course there are risks. But the space
program needs to continue. By the time
of the Columbia disaster, it had already had 27 successful missions. And in general, there have been more
successes than failures up to now. Since
the Columbia tragedy, NASA has been studying to improve the safety of its astronauts.
Intro Lesson 4 – Modals
Will 100% probability – I will go to work.
Should 75%
probability - I should go to work.
May 50%
probability – I may go to work.
Might 25%
probability – I might go to work.
Will,
should, may, and might – video link below
Can - Possibility –
Ex. You can go home.
Ability – Ex. I can swim.
Permission – Ex.
Can I stop
doing my homework now?
Could - Past tense of “can”
Also, more polite
to use when asking a question.
Example: Could I borrow your car? Vs. Can I borrow your car?
Something that was
possible in the past – Ex. You could have come to me
yesterday.
yesterday.
Something that you
were able to do in the past - Ex. I
could talk when I was 3
years old.
years old.
Can/Could
– video link below
can/could/may/might
worksheet
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