July 9, 2015 - Pariciples as adjectives; Active v. Passive; Adjectives v. Adverbs

Review:  Sentences with participles as adjectives.

-ing

The swimming pool was freezing.

-ed

I was bored from watching that movie.

Tired mothers go to sleep early.

Watching children is tiring.

p. 80 Exercise 15

Fill in the blanks and discuss your answers.  Each sentence already has a participle.

I’m interested in sports.

1.    I’m interested in stories movies.

2.    Now I’m worried about my healthy.

3.    In the past, I was worried about my children.

4.    In my opinion, Jim Carrey/David Beckham is an amazing (choose one)  actor/athlete/politician).

5.    I’m not interested in your resume.

6.    I’m annoyed when people complain all the time.

7.    Chemistry is a boring subject for me.

8.    I feel frustrated when my car is broken.

9.    I am amazed that the soccer game ended 2-5 with

the U.S. team winning.

10.It’s not surprising that I passed my class.

11.Sometimes I feel embarrassed when I speak English.

12.I was very excited when I thought saw the mountains.

13. When I came to this school, I was surprised that our teacher was young.

Passive Voice Review

Weeding out passive sentences

To spot passive sentences, look for a form of the verb

“to be” in your sentence, with the actor either missing or introduced after the verb using the word "by":

Examples of passive sentences:

·       Poland was invaded in 1939, thus initiating the Second

·       World War.

·       Genetic information is encoded by DNA.

·       The possibility of cold fusion has been examined for

·       many years.

Try turning each passive sentence you find into an

active one. Start your new sentence with the actor.

Sometimes you may find that need to do some extra

research or thinking to figure out who the actor should

be! You will likely find that your new sentence is

stronger, shorter, and more precise:

·       Germany invaded Poland in 1939, thus initiating the

Second World War.

·       DNA encodes genetic information.

·       Physicists have examined the possibility of cold fusion for many years.

When to use the passive voice (recap)

1.    The subject is unknown.

2.    The subject is not important.

3.    The subject is obvious.

(video)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbOVVE2PoLk

When to use active vs. passive voice

Active voice is usually preferred.

(video)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PD1Zkcq-n0g

Active and Passive Tenses Chart

http://english-zone.com/verbs/pssvchrt.html

Handout

SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject. am/is/are +  past participle was/were + past participle
Active: Simple Present The movie fascinates me. The movie bores Jack. The movie surprises them.	Passive: Simple Present I am fascinated by the movie. Jack is bored by the movie. They are surprised by the movie.
Active: Simple Past The movie bored me. The movie fascinated Jack. The movie surprised them.	Passive: Simple Past I was bored by the movie. Jack was fascinated by the movie. They were surprisedby the movie.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form:  am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle
Active: Present Continuous I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Ling.	Passive: Present Continuous Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Ling are being helped by June.
Active: Past Continuous I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.	Passive: Past Continuous The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom  was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form:  have/has been + past participle had been + past participle
Active: Present Perfect I have mailed the gift. Jack has mailed the gifts.	Passive: Present Perfect The gift has been mailed by me. The gifts have been mailed by Jack.
Active: Past Perfect Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. Penny Marshall had directed those movies.	Passive: Past Perfect The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.
Active: Future Perfect John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.	Passive: Future Perfect The project will have been finished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.

FUTURE TENSES Passive forms: will + be + past participle is/are going to be + past participle
Active: Future with WILL I will mail the gift. Jack will mail the gifts.	Passive: Future with WILL The gift will be mailed by me. The gifts will be mailed by Jack.
Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake. Sue is going to make two cakes.	Passive: Future with GOING TO The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle
Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)	Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)
Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Mai can foretell the future. Terry can't foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.)	Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) The future can be foretold by Mai. The future can't be foretold by Terry. (The future can not be foretold by Terry.)
Active: MAY / MAY NOT Her company may give Katya a new office. The lazy students may not do the homework. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Her company might give Katya a new office. The lazy students might not do the homework.	Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may be given a new office by her company. The homework may not be done by the lazy students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might be given a new office by her company. The homework might not be done by the lazy students.
Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Students should memorize English verbs. Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.	Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T English verbs should be memorized  by students. Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked  by children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)	Passive: OUGHT TO  English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Students had better practice English every day. Children had better not drink whiskey.	Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT English had better be practiced every day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.
Active: MUST / MUST NOT Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. Customers must not use that door.	Passive: MUST / MUST NOT A passport to travel abroad must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO She has to practice English every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day. The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.	Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO English has to be practiced every day. The dishes have to be washed by them every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day. Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO I am supposed to type the composition. I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book. Janet is supposed to clean the living room. She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum. They are supposed to make dinner for the family. They aren't supposed to make dessert.	Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO The composition is supposed to be typed by me. The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied. The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them. Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

 

PAST MODALS The past passive form follows this pattern: modal + have been + past participle
Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The students should have learned the verbs. The children shouldn't have broken the window.	Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The verbs should have been learned by the students. The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to have learned the verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)	Passive: OUGHT TO The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) I was supposed to type the composition. I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book. Janet was supposed to clean the living room. She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum. Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner. They weren't supposed to make dessert.	Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) The composition was supposed to be typed  by me. The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied. The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner was supposed to be made by them. Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.
Active: MAY / MAY NOT That firm may have offered Katya a new job. The students may not have written the paper. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT That firm might have offered Katya a new job. The students might not have written the paper.	Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper may not have been written by the students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper might not have been written by the students.

Activity – create an active and a passive for:

Simple Present

I bake cakes every Friday.

Every Friday, cakes are baked by me.

A:  I have breakfast every morning.

P: Breakfast is had by me every morning.

Q: Who has breakfast every morning?

Simple Past

A: She worked at the university last week.

P: Last week, the university was worked at.

Q: Who worked at the university last week?

Q: Did she work at the university last week?

Yes, she did.

Present Continuous

A: Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.

P:  Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

Q: Who is writing the letter right now?

Q: What is Sarah doing?

Past Continuous

I was writing the book.

The book was being written by me.

Q:  What were you doing?

Q: What were you writing?

Present Perfect

I have eaten the fish.

The fish has been eaten by me.

Q:  Have you eaten fish?

Yes, I have.

Q: What have you eaten?

I have eaten fish.

Past Perfect

We had already read the magazine.

The magazine had already been read by us.

Q: Who had already read the magazine?

We had already read the magazine? (We did)

Q: What had you already read?

We had already read the magazine.  (the magazine)

Q: Had you already read the magazine?

Yes , we had.

Future

A: I will buy a new car.

P: A new car will be bought.

Q:  Who will buy a new car? (I will.)

I will buy a new car.

Q: What will you buy? (A new car.)

I will buy a new car.

Q:  Will you buy a new car? (Yes, I will.)

Active/Passive worksheet (on back of chart handout;

can be quick class practice)

http://www.englishforeveryone.org/PDFs/Active%20-%20Passive%20Voice.pdf

englishforeveryone.org

Name________________

Active/Passive Voice Date________________

•• In active voice sentences the subject does the action.

Example: Liz played the piano.

•• In passive voice sentences the subject receives

 the action.

Example: The piano was played by Liz.

- The sentence that uses the active voice is stronger,

uses fewer words, and clearly

shows who performs the action.

- The sentence that uses the passive voice is weaker

and less direct. It is, however,

not incorrect to use the passive voice.

•• Sometimes the doer of the action is omitted in passive

 voice sentences.

Example: The piano was played.

Directions:: Decide whether the following sentences

are written in the active or passive voice.

Then write the doer of the action on the line to the right.

If the doer is unknown,

write a question mark (?).

1) Thomas feeds his dog. active / passive

2) The dog is fed by Thomas. active / passive

3) The family went to the beach. active / passive

4) The letter was written by Marshall. active / passive

5) The game had been won by the blue team.

active / passive

6) The problem was solved. active / passive

7) The stunt man risked his life. active / passive

8) The fire was extinguished. active / passive

9) The car was being cleaned by its owner.

active / passive

10) It gets cold here during the winter. active / passive

Directions:: Rewrite the passive voice sentences

as active voice sentences.

Passive: The dog was hit by the car.

Active:   The car hit the dog.

Passive: The house will be built by the construction

crew in five months.

Active:  The construction crew will built the house in five months.

Directions: Rewrite the active voice sentences

as passive voice sentences.

Active: Julie answered the question.

Passive: The question was answered by Julie.

Active: The dolphins have learned many tricks.

Passive: Many tricks have been learned by the dolphins.

Directions: Write one sentence using the active voice,

and one using the passive voice.

Active: Ramy was eating hamburger.

Passive: The hamburger was being eaten by Ramy.

Using Active Voice vs. Passive Voice in Writing worksheet

(more detail)

Rule: When writing, your sentences should be active.

That means you should have the subject taking an action.

Passive/No:  The material was shipped to Japan.  

Active/Yes:  The company shipped the material to Japan.

Directions: On your own paper, rewrite the following

sentences in active voice. The subject should be

performing the action. If there is no doer, add one.

1.    The dishes were washed by Jane.

Jane washed the dishes.

2.    After the game we bought hamburgers for everyone.

Already active.

3.    During the intermission, our band played several

numbers.

Already active.

4.    Alice broke her pen.

        Already active

5.    My computer was read by Miss Jones.

Miss Jones read my computer.

6.    Jean broke her arm during a volleyball game.

Already active.

7.    Ruth washed and ironed her blouse.

Already active.

8.    The money was found under the floor.

        Sammy/Somebody/I/The police found the money

        under the floor.

9.    Eleanor loves the Rolling Stones.

        Already active.

10.The officer did nothing about the accident.

Already active.

11.     John won the first-place tennis trophy.

Already active.

12.Nancy baked and frosted the cake.

Already active.

13.     Jill lost the election.

        Already active.

14.     Jean played tennis all morning.

    Already active.

15.     My books were returned before class.

I returned my books before class.

16.   My window was broken by the storm.

The storm broke my window.

17.     Miniature elephants were collected by my sister.

        My sister collected miniature elephants.

18.     Colette danced a tap dance in the variety show.

        Already active.

19.     Nothing was accomplished by crying.

        Crying accomplished nothing.

        He accomplished nothing by crying.

20.That video was seen three times.

I saw the video three times.

Changing Passive Voice to Active Voice

Directions: The verbs in the following sentences are in

the passive voice. On your own paper, rewrite each

sentence in the active voice. If the sentence doesn’t

have a doer, supply one.

Example: The letter was sent earlier. Jeannie sent the

letter earlier.

1.    The trees were stripped last month.

The company stripped the trees last month.

2.    The computers were shipped early in September.

        They/The company shipped the computers in early

        September.

3.    The letter was written by my brother.

My brother wrote the letter.

4.    The old car was driven by my brother.

My brother drove the old car.

5.    The school bell was repaired in September.

Someone repaired the school bell in September.

6.    This man has been stabbed.

Someone has stabbed this man.

7.    My shoes were taken to the shoemaker.

I took my shoes to the shoemaker.

8.    The trees were uprooted by the storm.

The storm uprooted the trees.

9.    The bookcase was stained a dark walnut.

I stained the bookcase a dark walnut.

10.The flowers were planted in March.

I planted the flowers in March.

Now Write it Wrong: Changing Active Voice to Passive

Voice

Directions: The verbs in the following sentences are in

the active voice. On your own paper, rewrite the

sentences, changing the verbs to passive voice.

Example: My neighbor alerted the police. The police

were alerted by my neighbors.

1.    The janitor fixed the classroom door.

The classroom door was fixed by the janitor.

2.    Mr. Smith took a photograph of me.

A photograph of me was taken by Mr. Smith.

3.    All the students passed the algebra test.

The algebra test was passed by all the students.

4.    Our basketball team lost twenty percent of its games.

        Twenty percent of the game was lost by our  

        Basketball team.

5.    The contractor renovated our kitchen.

        Our kitchen was renovated by the contractor.

6.    Jane Beard composed the school song.

        The school song was composed by Jane Beard.

7.    She broke two keys on her typewriter.

Two keys were broken on her typewriter by her.

8.    My father took pictures at the picnic.

Pictures were taken by my father at the picnic.

9.    The zookeeper loves the animals.

The animals are loved by the zookeeper.

10.The judge took Tom’s license.

Tom’s license was taken by the judge.

Present Perfect/Present Continuous Review:

What is the difference between present perfect and

present perfect continuous?

Present perfect – started in the past and is finished.

I have lived in California for six months.

I have

Present perfect continuous – started in the past and is still continuing

I have been living in California for six months.

Present perfect – connects the past with the present

Example: 

I am in the U.S. now. (simple present)

I have been in the U.S. for two years. (present perfect)

Present perfect continuous – an action that started

in the past and continues to the present.

I have been living in the U.S. for two years.

Example:

I have been working at the same job since 2007. Present continuous

I have worked at the same job since 2007.

Give a couple examples of each.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives describe nouns.

She is beautiful.

Adverbs describe verbs.

writing quickly

driving slowly

running fast

eating slowly/hungrily (adv)

I am hungry. (adj)

http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/adjAdv.asp

Definitions

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies 

(i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may

come before the word they modify.

Examples:
That is a cute puppy.
She likes a high school senior.

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:

Examples:
That puppy looks cute.
The technology is state-of-the-art.

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies

verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Examples:
He speaks slowly (modifies the verb speaks)
He is especially clever (modifies the adjective 

clever)
He speaks all too slowly (modifies the adverb 

slowly)

An adverb answers how, when, where, or to what

extent—how often or how much (e.g., daily,

completely).

Examples:
He speaks slowly (answers the question how)
He speaks very slowly (answers the question how slowly)

Rule 1. Many adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its

adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.

Examples:
She thinks quick/quickly.
How does she think? Quickly.

She is a quick/quickly thinker.
Quick is an adjective describing thinker, so no 

-ly is attached.

She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has -ly attached to it.

We performed bad/badly. (adv)

We gave a bad performance. (adj)
Badly describes how we performed, so -ly is added.

Rule 2. Adverbs that answer the question how 

sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can be a challenge to determine if -ly should be attached.

Avoid the trap of -ly with linking verbs, such as taste,

smell, look, feel, etc., that pertain to the senses.

Adverbs are often misplaced in such sentences,

which require adjectives instead.

Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No; in this case, smell is a linking verb—which requires an

adjective to modify roses—so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily to us.
Did the woman look with her eyes, or are we

describing her appearance? We are describing her appearance (she appeared angry), so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint

splotches.
Here the woman actively looked (used her eyes),

so the -ly is added.

She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

Rule 3. The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.

Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.

You did the job well.
Well answers how.

You smell good today.
Good describes your fragrance, not how you

smell with your nose, so using the adjective is

correct.

You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with your nose here,

so use the adverb.

Rule 4. The word well can be an adjective, too.

When referring to health, we often use well rather than good.

Examples:
You do not look well today.
I don't feel well, either.

Rule 5. Adjectives come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective in its normal or usual

form is called a positive degree adjective. There

are also the comparative and superlative degrees,

which are used for comparison, as in the following examples:

Positive	Comparative		Superlative
sweet	sweeter	sweetest
bad	worse	worst
efficient	more efficient	most efficient

A common error in using adjectives and adverbs

arises from using the wrong form of comparison. To compare two things, always use a comparative 

adjective:

Example: She is the cleverer of the two women

(never cleverest)

The word cleverest is what is called the superlative

 form of clever. Use it only when comparing three or

more things:

Example: She is the cleverest of them all.

Incorrect: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like

best?

Correct: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like 

better?

Rule 6. There are also three degrees of adverbs.

In formal usage, do not drop the -ly from an adverb

when using the comparative form.

Incorrect: She spoke quicker than he did.

Correct: She spoke more quickly than he did.

Incorrect: Talk quieter.

Correct: Talk more quietly.

Rule 7. When this, that, these, and those are followed by a noun, they are adjectives. When they appear without

a noun following them, they are pronouns.

Examples:
This house is for sale.
This is an adjective.

This is for sale.
This is a pronoun.

Class practice re: adjectives and adverbs
Write down the correct form of the word in brackets (adjective or adverb).

1.    Tom is (slow) slow.  He works slowly.

2.    Sue is a (careful) careful girl. She climbed up

3.    the ladder carefully.

4.    The dog is (angry) angry. It barks angrily.

5.    He acted (excellent) excellently. He's an excellent actor.

6.    They learn English (easy) easily. They

7.    think English is an easy language.

8.    Max is a (good) good singer.

9.    He sings well.

Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme / good) extremely well.  

The little boy looked (sad) sad.  I went over to comfort him. And he looked at me sadly.

I tasted the soup (careful) carefully.

Individual practice (turn to other side of ditto to

“Adjectives and Adverbs with Magical Horse”.

Toby was just a regular (adj) horse.  He had big (adj) hooves, and he could run quickly (adv) but he was not magical (adj).  One day, Toby went to the big red (adj) barn to get some new (adj) horseshoes.  Toby cautiously (adv) entered the creepy (adj) bar and looked around carefully (adv).  He was startled by an old (adj) horse-wizard with a long (adj) beard, a tall (adj) hat, and a sparkly (adj) cloak.  Toby calmly (adv) explained that he was looking for some new (adj) shoes because his old (adj) shoes were worn out.  The horse-wizard waved his hooves around mysteriously (adv) and offered Toby two gold (adj) horseshoes.  Toby accepted the bright gold (adj) horseshoes and turned to shake the mysterious (adj) hoof of the horse-wizard.  The dark (adj) horse-wizard had quite (adv not adj) amazingly (adv) vanished into thin (adj) air and Toby was deeply (adv) impressed.  Toby figured that he should put on the shiny (adj) new (adj) horseshoes to see how well (adv) they fit.  He was relieved that the horseshoes fit so snuggly(adv) and comfortably (adv) on his big (adj) hooves.  His legs felt powerful (adj) and nimble (adj), and he couldn’t believe how fast (adv) he could move.  As he was running through the lush (adj) meadow, Toby took flight and soared through the blue (adj) sky.  He was deftly (adv) flying through the cool (adj) air across a lonely (adj) canyon, and he was good (adj) at it too.  As he travelled the empty (adj) sky, beautiful (adj) rainbows and neon (adj) hearts streamed from the magic (adj) shoes.  Toby suddenly (adv) bumped into an evil (adj) unicorn; the skies went black (adj) and Toby was very (adj in this case) scared (adj). The evil (adj) unicorn shot a grey (adj) beam of sad (adj) faces at Toby, and Toby barely (adv) dodged them by rolling left.  Toby was confused (adj) and worried (adj), but he knew that the unicorn was terribly (adv not adj) evil (adj) and must be stopped.  He thought of the good (adj) things in the world, like cuddly (adj) puppies, first (adj) dances, and happy (adj) butterflies.  Toby lovingly (adv) shot a beam of pure (adj) goodness from his heart, hitting the unicorn in his wicked (adj) face.